Battery pack with a monitoring circuit for a known system

ABSTRACT

A removable battery pack for powering a pen-based or portable computer system in which the battery pack blocks its terminals when inserted into an unknown system. The known system includes a power supply microcontroller which passes battery charge data back and forth between a memory located in the battery pack and the power supply microcontroller. A battery microcontroller, located in the battery pack, eavesdrops drops on the communication between the power supply microcontroller and the memory, and when it validates a known signature of this communication, the battery microcontroller then enables the terminals of the battery pack. A trickle discharge current flows from the battery pack whenever the battery pack is out of the known system to allow the power supply microcontroller to power up in the case of a dead auxiliary battery.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a removable battery pack for providingpower to a known system, and more particularly to a removable batterypack which blocks charge from entering or leaving the battery pack untilthe battery pack is inserted into the known system.

2. Description of the Related Art

Computers are often needed in locations where AC power is not available.Rechargeable batteries are typically used as an alternative source ofpower, such as nickel-based batteries and lithium ion batteries, whichare capable of providing power to a portable or pen-based computersystem for several hours. For providing power to a computer system,these batteries are typically arranged in a battery pack containing fourseries banks of two parallel cells in each battery. Although the batterypack may be charged in an external charger, the battery pack of acomputer system is typically charged by the power supply of the hostcomputer system. Since rechargeable batteries have a limited cycle life,it is desirable to maximize the life of and to obtain the maximum powerfrom each battery during every discharge cycle. Thus, in order toachieve these goals, it is necessary to fully and efficiently charge thebattery pack in a system designed to accomplish these objectives.

The primary design challenge confronting the earlier nickel-basedbattery chargers arose from the difficultly in determining the chargelevel of a nickel-based battery since the terminal voltage of thenickel-based battery is substantially the same regardless of the chargelevel. This characteristic also holds true for lithium ion batteries.This problem was addressed by placing a microcontroller circuit and amemory inside a battery pack as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,228entitled "Battery Charge Monitor and Fuel Gauge," which is herebyincorporated by reference. In that disclosure, the battery packrecalculates the remaining capacity of the battery pack over time;provides a fuel gauge to continually measure the remaining charge levelat any given time; and measures the discharge of the battery pack duringperiods of non-use, often referred to as the self-discharge of thebattery pack.

A further modification of this arrangement is disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 033,821 entitled "Battery Pack Including StaticMemory and a Timer For Charge Management," filed Mar. 3, 1993, now U.S.Pat. No. 5,514,946, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A batterypack is disclosed in which the microcontroller is moved to the hostcomputer system, thereby reducing the size and cost of the battery packand increasing the battery pack shelf-life. The battery pack includes asmall read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and a realtime clock. The operating parameters of the battery pack are containedin the ROM memory which includes a family code and battery type, themaximum charge temperature, low voltage set points, initial rated totalcapacity, and self-discharge rates for several time periods. The RAMincludes such information as the remaining charge on the battery and thetotal capacity of the battery. Furthermore, the real time clocktimestamps the RAM, thereby providing a measure of the elapsed time ofremoval of the battery pack from the host computer system. Thus, thehost computer system has the appropriate information to provide optimalcharge to the battery pack and to monitor the charge left in the batterypack.

One fundamental requirement of lithium ion batteries is that they becharged or discharged only when they are inserted in a known computersystem or special charger designed to accommodate lithium ion batteries.This requirement is predominently due to potential for a lithium ionbattery to possibly explode if improperly charged or discharged.

Thus, it is desirable to have a lithium ion battery pack which disablesitself, by blocking charge entering or leaving the batteries, if thebattery pack is not inserted into a known system. If the battery pack isinserted into an unknown system, (such as a short circuit), an unknownbattery charger, or an unknown computer system, the battery pack willminimize the harm to the computer system, charger, or batteries of thebattery pack. It is further desirable to have a battery pack whichpermanently disables itself should the terminal voltage of any batterycell of the battery pack drop below a deeply discharged voltagethreshold which indicates a deeply discharged battery cell, thereby notallowing any recharging or discharging of the battery pack, as thiswould be dangerous as known to those skilled in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to a battery pack which enables itselfonly upon determining the battery pack is in a known system. The batterypack includes a battery; a battery microcontroller which eavesdrops oncommunications between a power supply microcontroller located in theknown system and a battery pack memory located in the battery pack; acharge switch which can block any charge from entering the battery; anda main discharge switch which can block any charge from leaving thebattery.

A monitoring circuit is coupled to the battery and to the batterymicrocontroller. The monitoring circuit monitors the battery forundervoltage, overvoltage, overcharge current, and overdischarge currentconditions. The battery microcontroller is coupled to the controlterminals of the charge switch and the main discharge switch, therebycontrolling the charge entering or leaving the battery pack. The batterymicrocontroller ensures that neither the charge switch nor the maindischarge switch is turned on until the battery microcontroller hasdetermined that the battery pack has been inserted into the knownsystem. This determination is made by examining the communicationsbetween the battery pack memory and the power supply microcontroller. Ifthe battery microcontroller validates the signature of thiscommunication, which confirms the battery pack is in the known system,then the battery microcontroller can enable the battery pack by turningon the charge switch and the main discharge switch.

In one embodiment, the battery pack includes four series banks of twoparallel cells in each battery. The battery microcontroller, through amonitoring circuit, monitors the terminal voltage of each battery cell.When the terminal voltage of a battery cell drops below a minimumthreshold voltage, 2.5-2.7 volts depending on the battery chemistry,which indicates a discharged battery cell, the battery microcontrollerdisables the battery pack by turning off the main discharge switch. Ifthe battery microcontroller determines that it is in a known system, thebattery microcontroller closes the charge switch to allow the batterypack to charge. If the terminal voltage of any battery cell drops belowa deeply discharged threshold voltage, this indicates a deeplydischarged battery. Although the actual value of this deeply dischargedthreshold voltage is debated, it is believed this deeply dischargedthreshold voltage is around 2.0 volts. Nevertheless, the deeplydischarged threshold voltage is typically specified by the manufacturer.Any recharging at this point is potentially dangerous; therefore, thebattery pack should be discarded. Thus, the battery microcontrollerpermanently turns off the charge switch and the main discharge switchshould the battery become deeply discharged.

The disclosed battery pack according to the invention further includes atrickle discharge switch coupled in parallel with the main dischargeswitch. A current limiting device is coupled in series with the trickledischarge switch to limit the current through the trickle dischargeswitch. This trickle discharge switch is closed when the battery pack isnot in the known system, thereby allowing a trickle discharge current todischarge from the battery pack when the battery pack is connected to aload. While the trickle discharge current is small enough to minimizeharm to the batteries should the battery pack be inserted into anunknown system, this trickle current discharge threshold is alsosufficient to power up the power supply microcontroller of the knownsystem. This would be necessary when an auxiliary battery supplyingpower to the power supply microcontroller is discharged or missing andno AC power is present, thereby preventing the power supplymicrocontroller from establishing communication with the battery packmemory. Without this trickle discharge current to "wake-up" the powersupply microcontroller, the power supply microcontroller would neverestablish communication with the memory of the battery pack, and thebattery microcontroller could not determine whether the battery pack hasbeen inserted into a known system. The battery microcontroller turns offthe trickle discharge switch if the terminal voltage of any battery cellindicates a discharged battery cell. The battery microcontroller willturn on the trickle discharge switch after the discharged cell isrecharged unless the terminal voltage of the battery cell indicates adeeply discharged battery cell, i.e., a terminal cell voltage of lessthan the deeply discharged threshold voltage.

The battery pack also turns off the charge switch should an overvoltageor an overcharge current exist at the battery, and the battery packturns off the main discharge switch should an undervoltage or anoverdischarge current exist at the battery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when thefollowing detailed description of the preferred embodiment is consideredin conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the battery pack according to theinvention inserted into a known host computer system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the charge management circuitry ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the power control circuitry ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the power battery microcontrollercircuitry of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the monitoring circuitry of FIG.1;

FIG. 6 is a state table illustrating operation of the monitoring circuitaccording to the invention;

FIG. 7A is a timing diagram illustrating the initialization protocolutilized between the battery pack memory and the power supplymicrocontroller according to the invention;

FIG. 7B is a timing diagram illustrating the protocol for a battery datasignal write or read of "1" according to the invention;

FIG. 7C is a timing diagram illustrating the protocol for a battery datasignal write or read of "0" according to the invention;

FIG. 8A is a flowchart illustration of a main routine that checks forinsertion of the battery pack into the known host computer system;

FIG. 8B is a flowchart illustration of a system check routine whichchecks for the characteristic signature of battery data communicationsbetween the known host computer system and the battery pack memory;

FIG. 8C is a flowchart illustration of a battery data timeout routinethat checks for removal of the battery pack from the known host computersystem;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustration of a battery identification routinethat verifies the characteristic signature of communications between thebattery pack memory and the known host computer system;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustration of a timeout verification routinewhich is used to verify the initialization procedure of battery datacommunications;

FIGS. 11A and lib are flowchart illustrations of an initializationprotocol check routine that checks for the initialization protocol ofthe battery data signal;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustration of a read byte routine that reads abyte from the battery data signal;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustration of a poll routine that utilizesmonitoring circuitry to control any charge entering or leaving thebattery pack;

FIG. 14A is a flowchart illustration of a temperature routine thatmanipulates the battery pack thermistor signals to indicate chargeturn-off to the known system; and

FIG. 14B is a flowchart illustration of a pulse width modulation routinewhich controls the pulse width modulation of the battery pack thermistorsignals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Turning to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a battery pack Binserted into a known host computer system C. System C couldalternatively be a special charging unit designed to charge the batterypack; however, in the disclosed embodiment, host computer system C bothsupplies and receives power from battery pack B.

Referring now to host computer system C, shown in FIG. 1 is a powersupply or AC adapter 104 which is connected to an auxiliary battery 114.Power supply 104 is connected to a VBAT+ terminal of battery pack B anda VBAT- terminal of battery pack B. The VBAT+ and VBAT- terminals arethe positive and negative terminals, respectively, of battery pack Bthat provide and receive power to and from host computer system C. Powersupply 104 further provides a supply voltage, V_(CC), which is connectedto a power supply microcontroller and related circuitry 108. Powersupply 104 is further coupled to power supply microcontroller 108through several control lines, referred to as CL, and data lines,referred to as DL. Power supply microcontroller 108 provides andreceives a BDAT signal, receives a T+ signal, and receives a T- signalfrom the battery pack B.

The BDAT signal is a battery data signal used to provide informationsuch as the family code of battery pack B and the remaining charge lefton a battery 100. T+ and T- are thermistor signals used to indicatecharge conditions to power supply microcontroller 108.

Referring now to battery pack B of FIG. 1, a power control circuit 102is connected to the VBAT+ and VBAT- terminals. Power control circuitry102 is also coupled to battery 100. The positive terminal of battery 100will be referred to as the +VBAT5 terminal, and the negative terminal ofbattery 100 will be referred to as the -VBAT1 terminal. A CHARGE signal,a PWR1 signal, a PWR2 signal, an UNLATCH signal and a DISCH signal,provided by a battery microcontroller and related circuitry 106, arealso connected to power control circuit 102. Battery microcontroller 106is also connected to a voltage regulator 110 which supplies a +5VREGsupply voltage of five volts. Battery microcontroller 106 provides anENABLE signal which is provided to a voltage regulator 110. Voltageregulator 110 has an input connected to the VBAT+ terminal, and theground of regulator 110 is connected to the VBAT1-terminal. Batterymicrocontroller 106 is further connected to the BDAT signal, the T+signal and the T-signal. Battery pack B further includes a memory,referred to as random access memory/realtime clock (RAM/RTC) 112, whichis connected to the BDAT signal.

Also shown in FIG. 1 is a monitoring circuit 116 which provides batterycell overvoltage monitoring, cell undervoltage monitoring, overdischargecurrent monitoring, and overcharge current monitoring. Monitoringcircuit 116 provides a THERM signal, a DGATE signal, and a CGATE signalto battery microcontroller 106. These signals are provided to batterymicrocontroller 106 which enables or disables the VBAT+ and VBAT-terminals accordingly, as explained further with the discussion of FIG.6. Monitoring circuit 116 is coupled to the +VBAT5 signal and the -VBAT1signal. This allows monitoring circuitry 116 to monitor battery 100 forovervoltage and undervoltage conditions, as discussed further below.Also shown in FIG. 1 are the +VBAT3 and +VBAT4 inputs of monitoringcircuit 116. The +VBAT4 input is coupled between one end of a resistor288 and one end of a resistor 290. The other end of resistor 288 iscoupled to the +VBAT5 signal, and the other end of resistor 290 iscoupled to the power control circuitry 102, the +VBAT3 signal and theunregulated voltage input of regulator 110. The +VBAT3 signal and +VBAT4signals and the bridge formed from resistors 288 and 290 provide currentmonitoring capability for monitoring circuit 116.

Power supply 104 supplies and receives power from and to battery pack B.Power supply microcontroller 108 governs whether power supply 104 isreceiving power from or providing power to battery pack B. Power supplymicrocontroller 108 directs the operations of power supply 104 throughcontrol lines CL. Power supply 104 provides a supply voltage, V_(CC), topower supply microcontroller 108. The supply voltage, V_(CC), isnormally provided from either the discharging battery pack B, or if ACpower is available through an adapter (not shown in FIG. 1), then thesupply voltage, V_(CC), is provided by the AC wall voltage. However, ifthe AC adapter is not connected to host computer system C and batterypack B is not supplying power to host computer C, auxiliary battery 114supplies the necessary power to power up power supply microcontroller108.

Power supply microcontroller 108 communicates with RAM/RTC 112 to obtainand update charge status of battery 100 so that power supply 104 canfully and efficiently charge battery 100. In the preferred embodiment,battery 100 consists of four series banks of two parallel lithium ioncells. Furthermore, power supply microcontroller 108 utilizes thetemperature sensing signals, T+ and T-, in order to determine the chargestatus of battery 100. In the preferred embodiment, the temperaturesignals, T+ and T-, are manipulated by power control circuit 102 toindicate charge and over temperature conditions of battery 100 to powersupply microcontroller 108.

Power control circuit 102 provides circuitry to inhibit or permit chargefrom entering or leaving battery 100. The CHARGE signal, the PWR1signal, and the DISCH signal control the charging of battery 100, thetrickle discharging of battery 100, and the main discharging of battery100, respectively. The assertion of one of these three control signalsenables its function.

During normal operations when battery pack B is inserted into the knownsystem, host computer system C, the CHARGE signal and the DISCH signalare both asserted, thereby allowing battery 100 to charge and dischargeas determined by power supply microcontroller 108. Should an overvoltagecondition or an overcharge current exist at battery 100, power controlcircuit 102 will prevent any charge from entering battery pack B bynegating the CHARGE signal. In the case of an undervoltage or anoverdischarge current condition existing at battery 100, the powercontrol circuitry 102 will prevent any charge from leaving battery packB by negating the DISCH and PWR1 signals. Additionally, should a batterycell of battery 100 become deeply discharged, power control circuit 102will permanently block any charge from leaving or entering battery packB by permanently negating the DISCH and PWR1 signals. Furthermore, inthe preferred embodiment, should an overtemperature condition exist atbattery 100, power control circuit 102 will prevent any charge fromentering battery pack B.

After battery pack B is removed from host computer system C, batterymicrocontroller 106 negates the CHARGE signal and the DISCH signal,thereby preventing any discharging or charging of battery 100. In thepreferred embodiment, the PWR1 signal is asserted when battery pack B isremoved from host computer system C, thereby allowing a trickledischarge current to flow from battery 100. As discussed in more detailbelow, this trickle discharge current allows power supplymicrocontroller 108 to power-up in the event that auxiliary battery 114is dead. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiment, the PWR1 signal ispermanently negated, even when battery pack B is not in host computersystem C, if monitoring circuit 116 determines that a battery cell ofbattery pack 100 has dropped below a deeply discharged thresholdvoltage. This deeply discharged threshold voltage is specified by themanufacturer and is equal to 2.0 volts in the described embodiment.

If monitoring circuit 116 determines that a battery cell voltage ofbattery 100 has dropped below this deeply discharged threshold voltage,battery microcontroller 106 negates the CHARGE and DISCH signals. Shoulda cell voltage of battery 100 fall below this deeply dischargedthreshold and battery pack B is removed from host computer system C,battery microcontroller 106 negates the ENABLE signal, disabling voltageregulator 110, thereby permanently powering-down microcontroller 106.When microcontroller 106 powers down, no charge can enter or leavebattery pack B. This ensures that battery pack B can never be used againbecause once a battery cell of battery 100 drops below this deeplydischarged threshold voltage, the battery cell is deeply discharged andbattery pack B must be discarded.

Battery microcontroller 106 is coupled to the BDAT signal, therebyallowing battery microcontroller 106 to examine the communicationsbetween RAM/RTC 112 and power supply microcontroller 108. If batterymicrocontroller 106 determines that it is in host computer system C,battery microcontroller 106 will recognize a characteristic signature ofthe data being passed between power supply microcontroller 108 andRAM/RTC 112, further discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 7A-12.Once microcontroller 106 determines that battery pack B has been placedin host computer system C, battery microcontroller 106 then will allowthe charge and discharge of battery 100 dependent on the state ofbattery 100.

Also shown in FIG. 2 is the RAM/RTC 112, which in the disclosedembodiment is preferably a DS1608 EconoRam TimeChip, which ismanufactured by Dallas Semiconductor. The supply (VCC) pin, clock (CLK)pin, ground (GND) pin, and the battery backup (VBATB) pin of RAM/RTC 112are connected to a BGND signal. The input/output (I/O) pin is connectedto the cathode of a diode 156, one end of a resistor 154 and the anodeof a diode 184. The cathode of diode 184 is connected to the batteryoperate (VBATO) pin of RAM/RTC 112. The anode of diode 156 is connectedto the GND pin. The other end of resistor 154 is connected to the BDATbattery terminal. One side of a crystal oscillator 170 is connected tothe X1 pin, and the other side of crystal oscillator 170 is connected tothe X2 pin of RAM/RTC 112, thus providing the RAM/RTC 112 with a clockstructure and function voltage limiting to VBATO. One side of acapacitor 168 is connected to the BGND signal, and the other side ofcapacitor 168 is connected to the VBATO pin. The cathode of a Zenerdiode 166 is connected to the VBATO input pin, and the anode of Zenerdiode 166 is connected to the BGND signal, thus providing voltagelimiting to VBATO.

Also shown in FIG. 2 is an emitter follower regulator circuit 176.Regulator circuit 176 consists of a resistor 178 having one endconnected to the VBAT+ terminal and the other end connected to the baseof a NPN transistor 182 and the cathode of a Zener diode 180. Transistor182 has its collector connected to the VBAT+ terminal and its emitterconnected to the VBATO input pin of RAM/RTC 112. The anode of diode 180is connected to the BGND signal.

Still referring to FIG. 2, a Zener diode 164 has its anode connected tothe BGND signal and its cathode is connected to the VBAT- terminal ofbattery pack B. Further, BGND and VBAT- are also coupled by a filteringcapacitor 162. A capacitor 162 has one end connected to the BGND signal,and the other end of capacitor 162 is connected to the VBAT- terminal ofbattery pack B. A current limiting resistor 160 provides the BGND signalto the anode of a Zener diode 158, whose cathode provides an output tothe T- terminal of battery pack B.

The T+ and T- battery terminals provide temperature monitoring for powersupply microcontroller 108; however, because the temperature of alithium ion battery does not vary greatly with the charge state of thelithium ion battery, the T+ and T- signals are instead artificiallymanipulated by battery pack B in order to indicate the charging statesof battery 100. The DS1608 is preferably used as RAM/RTC 112 since itincludes an internal static RAM and a ROM for storing the operatingparameters and charge status information of battery 100, a real timeclock for measuring periods of non-use of the battery 100 and a one-wireserial communication capability for communicating with microcontroller108.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of power control circuit 102. Shown inFIG. 3 is a voltage regulator 203 which regulates voltage using aP-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET),pass transistor 200. In this embodiment, pass transistor 200 serves adual purpose, it not only acts as a regulator, it also serves as acharge inhibit transistor. A voltage regulator 203 provides the correctvoltage level to charge battery 100. Referring to the connections ofregulator 203, transistor 200 has its drain connected to a +VBAT2signal, its gate connected to one end of a resistor 202 and its sourceconnected to the VBAT+ terminal. An inherent diode 201 has its cathodeconnected to the VBAT+ terminal, and the anode of diode 201 is connectedto the +VBAT2 signal. The other end of resistor 202 is connected to oneend of a resistor 204, one end of a resistor 206, and one end of aresistor 208. The other end of resistor 204 is connected to the VBAT+terminal. The other end of resistor 208 is connected to the collector ofa PNP bipolar 210. The other end of resistor 206 is connected to thedrain of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, transistor 212. Thesource of transistor 212 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal, and the gateof transistor 212 is connected to the CHARGE signal. The emitter oftransistor 210 is connected to the VBAT+ terminal, and the base oftransistor 210 is connected to one end of a resistor 214 and one end ofa resistor 216. The other end of resistor 214 is connected to the VBAT+terminal. The other end of resistor 216 is connected to one end of aresistor 218, one end of a capacitor 220 and the cathode of a shuntregulator 222. The other end of resistor 218 is connected to one end ofa capacitor 224, and the other end of capacitor 224 is connected to aVREF signal. The other end of capacitor 220 is connected to the VREFsignal. The control terminal of shunt regulator 222 is connected to theVREF signal, and the anode of shunt regulator 222 is connected to oneend of a resistor 226 and the drain of an enhancement type, N-channelMOSFET, transistor 228. The gate of transistor 228 is connected to aPWR2 signal, and the source of transistor 228 is connected to the -VBAT1signal. The other end of resistor 226 is connected to the VREF signal.One end of a resistor 230 is connected to the VREF signal, and the otherend of resistor 230 is connected to a +VBAT5 signal. A resistor 232 isconnected between the PWR2 signal and the -VBAT1 signal. A resistor 234is connected between the CHARGE signal and the -VBAT1 signal.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is an overvoltage protection circuit 235 whichprevents any charge from entering battery 100 if an overvoltagecondition exists at the terminals of battery 100, +VBAT5 and -VBAT1. Thedrain of a P-channel MOSFET, transistor 236, is connected to a +VBAT3signal. The gate of transistor 236 is connected one end of a resistor238 and one end of a resistor 240. The other end of resistor 238 isconnected to the +VBAT2 signal. The other end of resistor 240 isconnected to the drain of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET,transistor 242, the gate of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET,transistor 244, and the drain of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET,transistor 246. The gate of transistor 242 is connected to a LATCHOUTsignal, and the source of transistor 242 is connected to the -VBAT1signal. The negation of the normally high LATCHOUT signal turns offtransistor 236 when the terminal voltage of battery 100 exceeds apredetermined maximum voltage. This prevents battery 100 fromovercharging. A capacitor 248 is connected between the LATCHOUT signaland the -VBAT1 signal. A resistor 250 is connected between the +VBAT2signal and the LATCHOUT signal. Transistor 244 has its drain connectedto the LATCHOUT signal, and the source of transistor 244 is connected tothe -VBAT1 signal. Transistor 246 has its gate connected to an UNLATCHsignal, and the source of transistor 246 is connected to the -VBAT1signal. The UNLATCH signal is provided to turn on transistor 236 afterthe LATCHOUT signal has been negated and no overvoltage conditionsexists at battery 100. A resistor 252 is connected between the UNLATCHsignal and a +5VREG signal.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is a voltage regulator 254. The output pin ofregulator 254 provides the +5VREG signal. Both the input and the outputground pins of regulator 254 are connected to the -VBAT1 signal. Theinput pin of regulator 254 is connected to one end of a capacitor 256and to the drain of a P-channel MOSFET, transistor 258. The source oftransistor 258 is connected to the VREF signal, and the gate oftransistor 258 is connected to one end of a resistor 260 and the drainof an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET transistor 262. The other endof resistor 260 is connected to the VREF signal. A capacitor 264 isconnected between the +5VREG signal and the -VBAT1 signal. The gate oftransistor 262 is connected to an ENABLE signal. The ENABLE signal isalso connected to one end of a capacitor 266, one end of a resistor 268,the cathode of a diode 270 and the cathode of a diode 272. The source oftransistor 262 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The other end ofcapacitor 266 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The other end ofresistor 268 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The anode of diode 270is connected to a BDAT1 signal. The anode of diode 272 is connected to aPWR1 signal.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is the circuitry to block or allow the discharge ofbattery 100. The source of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, maindischarge transistor 274, is connected to the -VBAT1 signal, the gate oftransistor 274 is connected to the PWR1 signal and the drain oftransistor 274 is connected to one end of a resistor 276. A resistor 278is connected between the PWR1 signal and the -VBAT1 signal. The otherend of resistor 276 is connected to the VBAT- terminal. The source of anenhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, trickle charge transistor 280 isconnected to the -VBAT1 signal, the gate of transistor 280 is connectedto a DISCH signal and the drain of transistor 280 is connected to theVBAT- terminal. The cathode of a diode 282 is connected to the -VBAT1signal, and the anode of diode 282 is connected to a CURRENT signal. TheCURRENT signal is asserted when battery 100 is charging and negatedotherwise. One end of a resistor 284 is connected to the CURRENT signal,and the other end of resistor 284 is connected to the VBAT- terminal.One end of a resistor 286 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal, and the endof resistor 286 is connected to the DISCH signal.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is the current-sensing circuitry of battery pack Bwhich was discussed with FIG. 1. Resistors 288 and 290 are connectedbetween the +VBAT5 line and the +VBAT3 line, with +VBAT4 being providedat the junction. Thus, the voltage across resistor 290 provides currentsensing by signals VBAT3 and VBAT4 signals. Resistor 290 is connectedbetween the +VBAT4 signal and the +VBAT3 signal. Resistors 288 and 290are precision resistors having small resistances.

Now describing operations of power control circuit 102, transistor 200,coupled between the positive terminals of power supply 104 and thebattery 100, VBAT+ and +VBAT5 respectively, allows power supply 104(FIG. 1) to charge battery 100. Diode 201 provides a discharge path forbattery 100, thereby allowing discharge of battery 100 when either maindischarge transistor 280 or trickle discharge transistor 274 is turnedon. Transistor 200 serves two functions: transistor 200 enables ordisables the charging of battery 100 and transistor 200 also serves as apass transistor for regulator 203. In the preferred embodiment,transistor 200 has a low RDS_(ON) resistance of 0.02 ohms and a highgate-source breakdown voltage of +/-20 volts DC. Transistor 212 enablesor disables transistor 200, thereby disabling or enabling regulator 203.The gate of transistor 212 is connected to the CHARGE signal whichcontrols the on/off switching of transistor 212.

The CHARGE signal is provided by battery microcontroller 300 (shown inFIG. 4); therefore, by asserting or negating the CHARGE signal, batterymicrocontroller 300 can control the on/off switching of transistor 200,thereby controlling the charge that enters battery 100. Diode 282provides a path for a charge current when transistor 200 is turned on.Transistor 228 ensures that should battery pack B be disconnected fromthe host computer system C, linear regulator 203 will not drain currentfrom the rest of the circuit. The PWR2 signal is asserted by batterycontroller 300 when battery pack B is not in host computer system C,thereby eliminating the loading by linear regulator 203.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is main discharge transistor 280 which controls anycharge leaving battery 100. The gate of transistor 280 is connected tothe DISCH signal, provided by battery microcontroller 300, whichcontrols the on/off switching of transistor 280. Diode 201 provides adischarge path when transistor 280 is turned on. Also shown in FIG. 3 isdiode 282 and resistor 284 which provide a charge path when transistor200 is switched on. Resistor 284 functions as a current sensing resistorwhich provides a CURRENT signal to indicate charging of battery 100 asdiscussed further below. Also shown in FIG. 3 is trickle dischargetransistor 274 activated by control signal PWR1. Resistor 276 allows amaximum trickle discharge current which is sufficient to allow powersupply microcontroller 108 to "wake-up" in the case of a dead auxiliarybattery 114 and establish communications with RAM/RTC 112.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is regulator circuit 110. Linear regulator 254provides the supply voltage to power battery microcontroller 300,+5VREG. Regulator 254 provides the output voltage, +5VREG, from thepositive terminal of battery 100, +VBAT5. Transistor 258 serves as apass transistor which is enabled or disabled by transistor 262.Transistor 262 can be turned on by either the PWR1 signal or the BDAT1signal. As discussed further in FIG. 3, the PWR1 signal is asserted,thereby turning on transistor 262 and enabling regulator 254, whenbattery pack B is out of the host computer system C. Because the BDAT1signal is normally high when battery pack B is inserted into the hostcomputer system C (as discussed further in conjunction FIG. 4), theBDAT1 signal keeps transistor 262 turned on once battery pack B is inthe host computer system C. Diode 270, diode 272, resistor 268 andcapacitor 266 form a peak detector circuit with two inputs, PWR1 andBDAT1. Note that there is little current drain from capacitor 266;therefore, a normally high data signal, such as BDAT1 (as discussedfurther in conjunction with FIG. 4), will be able to sustain operationof linear regulator 254.

FIG. 3 also illustrates a latch circuit 235 which prevents any chargefrom entering the battery 100 if an overvoltage condition exists atbattery 100. In the disclosed embodiment, latch circuit 235 ensures thatthe voltage of battery 100 does not exceed 18 volts DC. This isaccomplished by the LATCHOUT signal connected to the gate of transistor242. When the LATCHOUT signal is low, this indicates the terminalvoltage of battery 100 has exceeded the maximum battery terminalvoltage, preferably 18 volts DC. When this occurs, transistor 242 isturned off by the LATCHOUT signal, thereby turning off transistor 236and preventing any charge from entering battery pack B. Note thattransistor 244 is also turned and transistor 244 form a latch, therebypreventing transistor 242 from turning back on; therefore, transistor236 remains turned off. The latching circuit 235 can be reset by apulsed assertion of the UNLATCH signal which turns on transistor 242 andtransistor 236. The generation of the LATCHOUT signal will be describedin greater detail with the discussion of FIG. 5, and the generation ofthe UNLATCH signal will be discussed in greater detail with thediscussion of FIG. 4.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of battery microcontroller 106. Shown inFIG. 4 is a battery microcontroller 300. The supply voltage pin for thecontroller 300 is connected to the +5VREG signal and the ground pin ofcontroller 300 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The RA0₋₋ AIN0, RA1₋₋AIN1, RA2₋₋ AIN2, RA3₋₋ AIN3 and RA4₋₋ TOCKI pins of microcontroller 300are analog inputs to a multiplexed A/D converter residing inmicrocontroller 300. The VREF signal is provided to the RA0₋₋ AIN0 pin,the CGATE signal is connected to the RA1₋₋ AIN1 pin, the DGATE signal isconnected to the RA3₋₋ AIN3 VREF pin, and the THERM signal is connectedto the RA4₋₋ TOCKI pin. The RB1 pin is connected to the UNLATCH signal,the RB2 pin is connected to the CHARGE signal, the RB3 pin is connectedto the DISCH signal and the RB4 pin is connected to the PWR2 signal. TheOSC2₋₋ CLKOUT pin is connected to one end of an oscillator circuit 302and one end of a capacitor 304. The OSC1₋₋ CLKIN pin is connected to theother end of oscillator 302 and one end of a capacitor 306. The otherend of capacitor 306 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The other end ofcapacitor 304 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal.

The RB5 output pin of microcontroller 300 provides the T50 signal whichis used to indicate the completion of charging of battery 100 to powersupply microcontroller 108 when power control circuit 102 blocks chargefrom entering battery pack B. The RB5 output pin is connected to thegate of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, transistor 308, and oneend of a resistor 310. The other end of resistor 310 is connected to the+5VREG signal. The source of transistor 308 is connected to the -VBAT1signal, and the drain of transistor 308 is connected to the gate of aP-channel MOSFET, transistor 312, and one end of a resistor 314. Theother end of resistor 314 is connected to the +5VREG signal. The sourceof transistor 312 is connected to the +VBAT5 signal, and the drain oftransistor 312 is connected to the PWR1 signal.

The RB6 output pin of microcontroller 300 provides a T70 signal tomanipulate the temperature sensing signals, T+ and T-, in order toindicate an overtemperature condition of battery 100 to power supplymicrocontroller 108. The T70 signal is connected to the gate of aN-channel, enhancement type, MOSFET, transistor 316 and one end of aresistor 318. The other end of resistor 318 is connected to the +5VREGsignal. The drain of transistor 316 is connected to the gate of aP-channel MOSFET, transistor 320, and one end of a resistor 322; and thesource of transistor 316 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The otherend of resistor 322 is connected to the +VBAT5 signal. The source oftransistor 320 is connected to the +VBAT5 signal, and the drain oftransistor 320 is connected to the gate of an enhancement type,N-channel MOSFET, transistor 324.

Also shown in FIG. 4 is the switched resistor network which manipulatesthe T+ and T- signals. Transistor 324 has its source connected to the T-terminal, and the drain of transistor 324 is connected to one end of aresistor 326 and one end of a resistor 328. The other end of resistor326 is connected to the T+ terminal. The other end of resistor 328 isconnected to one end of a resistor 330 and the drain of an enhancementtype, N-channel MOSFET, transistor 332. The other end of resistor 330 isconnected to the T- terminal. A resistor 334 is connected between thePWR1 signal and the T- terminal. A resistor 336 has one end connected tothe gate of resistor 324, and the other end of resistor 336 is connectedto the T- terminal.

The BDAT signal allows microcontroller 300 to determine if battery packB is in host computer system C. The BDAT signal is connected to the gateof an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, transistor 338, and one end ofa resistor 340. The other end of resistor 340 is connected to the T-terminal. The source of transistor 338 is connected to the T- terminal,and the drain of transistor 338 is connected to the gate of a P-channelMOSFET, transistor 342, and one end of a resistor 344. The other end ofresistor 344 is connected to the +VBAT5 signal. The source of transistor342 is connected to the +VBAT5 signal, and the drain of transistor 342is connected to a BDAT1 signal. An enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET,transistor 346, has its drain connected to the interrupt ins RB0₋₋ INT,of microcontroller 300, its gate connected to the BDAT1 signal and itssource connected to the -VBAT1 signal. A resistor 348 is connectedbetween the BDAT1 signal and the -VBAT1 signal. A resistor 350 isconnected between the RB0₋₋ INT pin of microcontroller 300 and the+5VREG signal.

The MCLR₋₋ VPP and the OSC2₋₋ CLKOUT pins of microcontroller 300 set theclock frequency of microcontroller 300. The MCLR₋₋ VPP pin ofmicrocontroller 300 is connected to one end of a resistor 352; and theother end of resistor 352 is connected to one end of a resistor 354, oneend of a capacitor 356 and the anode of a diode 358. The other end ofcapacitor 356 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The other end ofresistor 354 is connected to the +5VREG signal. The cathode of diode 358is connected to the +5VREG signal. Diode 358, resistor 354 and resistor352 provide the circuitry required to power-up microcontroller 300.

Still referring to FIG. 4, shown in FIG. 4 is the circuitry to monitorthe temperature of battery 100. The RA1₋₋ AIN1 pin of microcontroller300 is connected to one end of a thermistor 360, one end of a resistor362 and one end of a resistor 364. The other end of thermistor 360 isconnected to the +5VREG signal. The other end of resistor 362 isconnected to the +5VREG signal. The other end of resistor 364 isconnected to the drain of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET,transistor 366; the anode of a Schottky diode 368 and the collector of aNPN transistor 370. The cathode of diode 368 is connected to theLATCHOUT signal. The base of transistor 370 is connected to the CURRENTsignal, and the emitter of transistor 370 is connected to the VBAT-terminal. The gate of transistor 366 is connected to the RB7 pin ofcontroller 300, and the source of transistor 366 is connected to the-VBAT1 signal. Resistor 372 is connected between the RB7 pin ofcontroller 300 and the -VBAT1 signal. The RB7 pin of controller 300provides the SAMPLE signal.

Now referring to operations of battery microcontroller 106, the BDATsignal is provided to transistor 338; therefore, when power supplymicrocontroller 108 asserts BDAT high, the drain of transistor 338 isnegated which turns on transistor 342, thereby asserting the BDAT1signal. Referring back to FIG. 3 and FIG. 1, the BDAT1 signal keepsregulator 110 enabled when battery pack B is installed in host computersystem C. The normally high BDAT1 signal keeps capacitor 266 charged andthe ENABLE signal high which keeps the voltage regulator 254 enabled,thereby sustaining power-up of battery microcontroller 300. Once batterypack B is removed from host computer system C, the BDAT signal is nolonger provided by power supply microcontroller 108; therefore, theBDAT1 signal is negated. Thus, microcontroller 300 must assert anothersignal, PWR1, in order to keep regulator 254 enabled.

When removed from the host computer system C, the batterymicrocontroller 300 keeps regulator 254 enabled by asserting the PWR1signal. Microcontroller 300 accomplishes this by asserting the T50signal which turns on transistor 308 and transistor 312, therebyasserting the PWR1 signal and the ENABLE signal. The T50 signal isnegated when microcontroller 300 determines it is in host computersystem C. Note that once it is in the host computer system C, asdiscussed above, the BDAT signal will keep regulator 254 fullyfunctional, thereby supplying power to microcontroller 300.

Because the temperature of a lithium ion battery varies little duringcharge, the thermistor signals, T+ and T-, must be manipulated byswitched resistor circuits in order to emulate different temperaturestates of battery 100. For example, if transistor 332 is switched on bymicrocontroller 300 asserting T50, the T+ and T- signals then appear asif battery 100 is at 50° C., and if transistor 234 is switched on bymicrocontroller 300 asserting T70, the T+ and T- signals then appear asif battery 100 is at 70° C. Microcontroller 300 can pulse the T50 signalto simulate a rise in temperature of battery 100. When battery pack B isout of host computer system C, the PWR1 signal is asserted to enableregulator 254; therefore, because transistor 332 is also connected PWR1,transistor 332 is turned on which makes battery 100 appear to be 50° C.However, since battery pack B is out of host computer system C, thetemperature signals, T+ and T-, are not needed. Once microcontroller 300determines that battery pack B is in host computer system C, the PWR1signal is no longer asserted, thereby terminating the 50° C. T+ and T-signals produced by transistor 332.

Still referring to FIG. 4, when battery pack B is first inserted intohost computer system C and the BDAT signal is first asserted, transistor346 provides a falling edge signal at the RB0₋₋ INT input pin ofmicrocontroller 300 which generates an interrupt. When this occurs,microcontroller 300 transfers control to an algorithm (discussed belowin conjunction with FIGS. 8A-8B) to check if battery pack B has beeninserted in host computer system C. If battery microcontroller 300determines that battery pack B has not been inserted in host computersystem C, battery microcontroller 300 ensures that the CHARGE signal andthe DISCH signal will remain negated, thereby blocking the VBAT+ andVBAT- terminals of battery pack B. As long as battery pack B is not inhost computer system C, battery microcontroller 300 asserts the PWR1signal which ensures that regulator 254 will remain powered-up, therebyensuring microcontroller 300 will remain powered up.

Still referring to FIG. 4, the preferred embodiment also monitors thevoltages of the battery cells comprising battery 100, which ensures thatboth the VBAT+ terminal and the VBAT- terminal of battery pack B will beblocked if the voltage of any cell of battery 100 drops below adischarged threshold voltage. This discharged threshold voltage has avalue of 2.5-2.7 volts and varies with the manufacturer. The dischargedthreshold voltage has a value of 2.7 volts in the described embodiment.Once the voltage of any one cell of battery 100 drops below thisdischarged threshold voltage, microcontroller 300 ensures that the DISCHsignal will be negated, thereby ensuring that battery 100 will not befurther discharged. If a battery cell of battery 100 drops below thisdischarged threshold voltage, battery microcontroller 300 will assertthe CHARGE signal to allow battery 100 to charge once the knownsignature is detected on the BDAT signal by microcontroller 300.

When the cell voltage of any one cell of battery 100 drops below adeeply discharged threshold voltage, 2.0 volts in the describedembodiment, this indicates that battery 100 is deeply discharged andmust be permanently disabled. Once this occurs, microcontroller 300ensures that the CHARGE and DISCH signals are negated, thereby ensuringthat the VBAT+ and VBAT- terminals of battery pack B will remainpermanently blocked which ensures battery 100 will not be used again.Once this condition occurs, the PWR1 signal is no longer asserted ifbattery pack B is removed from host computer system C. This ensures thatonce a deeply discharged battery has been detected, voltage regulator254 will become disabled, thereby permanently powering down thecircuitry of battery pack B once battery pack B is removed from hostcomputer system C.

Now referring both to FIGS. 3 and 4, the PWR1 signal is assertedwhenever battery pack B is not in host computer system C. Thus, untilbattery microcontroller 300 determines that battery pack B is in hostcomputer system C, the PWR1 signal will remain asserted. The assertionof the PWR1 signal turns on transistor 274, thereby allowing a trickledischarge current. This trickle discharge current, although not largeenough to harm an invalid system, is enough current to power-upmicrocontroller 108 if auxiliary battery 114 is dead. The trickledischarge current is limited by resistor 284. Thus, this trickledischarge feature allows battery pack B to wake-up power supplymicrocontroller 108 if auxiliary battery 114 is dead. As notedpreviously, once battery pack B determines that battery pack B is out ofhost computer system C, the PWR1 signal is asserted, thereby turning onthe trickle charge current by turning on transistor 274.

If one of the cells of battery pack 100 drops below a deeply dischargedthreshold voltage, even a slight discharge current would be dangerousbecause a battery cell of battery 100 is deeply discharged. Thus, whenany cell of battery 100 drops below this deeply discharged thresholdvoltage, 2.0 volts in the described embodiment, the PWR1 signal is nolonger asserted, thereby ensuring no trickle discharge current.

Thermistor 360, resistor 362, resistor 364, transistor 366 andtransistor 370 are employed to monitor the temperature of battery 100.This circuitry will warn if battery 100 has been damaged while alsomonitoring the ambient temperature of battery 100 before allowingbattery 100 to charge. Resistor 362 is used to linearize thermistor 360.The SAMPLE signal, provided by the RB7 pin of microcontroller 300, isprovided to allow microcontroller 300 to enable this circuitry only whensampling the temperature of battery 100, thereby conserving power. Nowreferring both to FIGS. 3 and 4, when battery pack B is charging, theCURRENT signal is asserted which turns on transistor 370. Thus, thistemperature monitoring circuitry is left on when battery pack B ischarging in order to continuously monitor for an overtemperaturecondition.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of monitoring circuit 116 of battery packB. Shown in FIG. 5 is a monitoring circuit 400. Monitoring circuit 400is preferably a Lithium Charge Control Integrated Circuit (LCCIC)manufactured by Motorola. The supply voltage of circuit 400 is connectedto the +VBAT5 signal, and the ground of circuit 400 is connected to the-VBAT1 signal. The voltage low (VL) pin of circuit 400 is connected toone end of a resistor 402 and one end of a resistor 404. The voltagehigh (VH) pin of circuit 400 is connected to one end of a resistor 406and the other end of resistor 402. The MUX+ pin of circuit 400 isconnected to the other end of resistor 404. The ground reference (REF₋₋GND) pin of circuit 400 is connected to the other end of resistor 406.

The over discharge current (OV₋₋ DISCH) pin of circuit 400 is connectedto the +VBAT4 signal. The overcharge current (OV₋₋ CHAR) pin isconnected to the +VBAT3 signal. The V1+ pin of circuit 400 is connectedto a +VBAT8 signal. The V2+ pin of circuit 400 is connected to a +VBAT7signal. The V3+ pin of circuit 400 is connected to a +VBAT6 signal. Boththe PROG2 pin and the PROG1 pin of circuit 400 are connected to the-VBAT1 signal. The TEST pin of circuit 400 is connected to one end of acapacitor 408. The other end of capacitor 408 is connected to a resistor410 and the drain of a N-channel, enhancement type, MOSFET, transistor412. The other end of resistor 410 is connected to the +VBAT5 signal.

The gate of transistor 412 is connected to a TEST signal, and the sourceof transistor 412 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The PACK pin ofcircuit 400 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. The CGATE pin of circuit400 is connected to the gate of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET,transistor 414. The drain of transistor 414 is connected to the CGATEsignal, and the source of transistor 414 is connected to the -VBAT1signal. A resistor 416 is connected between the CGATE signal and the+5VREG signal. The DGATE pin of circuit 400 is connected to the gate ofan enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, transistor 418. The drain oftransistor 418 is connected to the DGATE signal, and the source oftransistor 418 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal. A resistor 420 isconnected between the DGATE signal and the +5VREG signal. The THERM pinof circuit 400 provides the THERM signal. A resistor 422 is connectedbetween the THERM signal and the +5VREG signal. The VPMP pin of circuit400 is connected to one end of a capacitor 424, and the other end ofcapacitor 424 is connected to the -VBAT1 signal.

Also shown in FIG. 3 is circuitry which prevents a cell of battery 100from overcharging. Shown in FIG. 5 is a lithium ion battery chargecontroller 426. The input of charge controller 426 is connected to the+VBAT5 signal, and the output of charge controller 426 is connected tothe gate of an enhancement type, N-channel MOSFET, transistor 428, andone end of a resistor 430. The ground input of charge controller 426 isconnected to the -VBAT1 signal. The COMP pin of charge controller 426 isconnected one end of a resistor 432. The other end of resistor 432 isconnected to the -VBAT1 signal. The source of transistor 428 isconnected to the -VBAT1 signal, and the drain of transistor 428 isconnected to the LATCHOUT signal.

Charge controller 426 ensures that the voltage of battery 100 does notexceed a predetermined overvoltage threshold. In the describedembodiment this is 18 volts DC. In the preferred embodiment, chargecontroller 426 is a LM3420 lithium ion battery charge controllermanufactured by National Semiconductor. Charge controller 426 has anopen emitter output connected to the gate of transistor 248 which turnson when the voltage at the input pin of charge controller 426 exceedsthe predetermined overvoltage threshold. Resistor 432 is used to adjustthe nominal voltage level of the charge controller 426, 16.8 volts, tothe predetermined overvoltage threshold of 18 volts in the describedembodiment. The drain of transistor 428 negates the LATCHOUT signal whenthe terminal voltage of battery 100 exceeds the overvoltage threshold.

If the LATCHOUT signal is negated during the charging of battery 100,the LATCHOUT signal will not be reasserted until the charging ceases.Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, during the charging of battery 100, theCURRENT signal is asserted by the charge current in resistor 284. Theassertion of the CURRENT signal turns on transistor 370 and pulls theanode of diode 368 low which prevents the LATCHOUT signal from beingreset to its normally high voltage. Once no charge current exists inresistor 284, transistor 370 is turned off; therefore, the LATCHOUTsignal is reset to its normally high voltage.

Monitoring circuit 400 monitors current and voltage of battery pack B.As shown in FIG. 5, monitoring circuit 400 monitors cell banks 100a,100b, 100c and 100d which form battery 100. Each cell bank includes twoparallel lithium ion cells. Circuit 400 provides a CGATE signal, a DGATEsignal and a THERM signal that provide information to microcontroller300 on the status of battery 100. Now referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, theTHERM signal, the DGATE signal and the CGATE signal are all high duringnormal operation of battery pack B. Monitoring circuit 400 monitors thevoltage of banks 100a, 100b, 100c and 100d through the use of the +VBAT6signal, the +VBAT7 signal, the +VBAT8 signal and the VBAT5 signal,respectively. When monitoring circuit 400 detects an unequal voltageamong the cells of battery 100, monitoring circuit 400 engages aparallel MOSFET and resistor which discharges any overvoltage cell inorder to equalize the voltage among the cells. Thus, monitoring circuit400 ensures that the same voltage exists on all cells by monitoring cellbanks 100a, 100b, 100c, and 100d. When an overvoltage condition occurs,monitoring circuit 400 negates the THERM signal, thereby indicating tomicrocontroller 300 that an overvoltage condition exists at battery 100.The CGATE signal and DGATE signal will not be negated for an overvoltagecondition. Monitoring circuit 116 ensures that no further charge willenter battery 100 during an overvoltage condition by negating theLATCHOUT signal.

Still referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, monitoring circuit 400 also alertsbattery microcontroller 300 when an overcharge current condition existsin battery 100. Monitoring circuit 400 accomplishes this by negating theTHERM signal and the CGATE signal. The DGATE signal remains highprovided all other conditions permit. Monitoring circuit 400 will notnegate the CGATE signal until an overcharge current condition exists atleast 2 to 3 seconds, thereby ensuring that if a pulse charge method isbeing used to charge the battery 100, a positive current pulse will nottrip the overcharge current protection mechanism provided by monitoringcircuit 400.

Monitoring circuit 400 also provides undervoltage and overdischargecurrent protection. When either an undervoltage or an overdischargecurrent condition exists at battery 100, microcontroller 400 negates theDGATE signal. Battery microcontroller 300, discussed below, must thendetermine whether the negation of the DGATE signal was triggered by anundervoltage or an overdischarge current condition at battery 100.

The undervoltage and overvoltage threshold points are set by resistors404, 402 and 406. In the preferred embodiment, the undervoltagethreshold is set at 2.0 volts, indicating a deeply discharged batterycell, and the overvoltage threshold is set at 4.29 volts which indicatesan overvoltage condition of a battery cell. As discussed further below,the battery microcontroller 300 determines whether an undervoltage oroverdischarge current condition exists by monitoring the VREF signal.

Now referring to FIG. 7A, shown is the initialization procedure thatmust proceed between power supply microcontroller 108 and RAM/RTC 112.In order for microcontroller 108 to indicate it wishes to communicatewith RAM/RTC 112, microcontroller 108 must negate the normally high BDATsignal in order to send a RESET PULSE to the RAM/RTC 112. As shown inFIG. 7A, microcontroller 108 negates BDAT signal at time T0.Microcontroller 108 then releases the BDAT signal so that at time T1 theBDAT signal has once again reached its normally high state. The RESETPULSE is thus defined as the time interval from time T0 to time T1. TheRESET PULSE has to be at least 480 μs in length, but the RESET PULSEcannot be longer than 960 μs. As can be seen from FIG. 7A, RAM/RTC 112waits until time T2 to negate the BDAT signal, thereby providing thePRESENCE PULSE which indicates to microcontroller 108 that the RAM/RTC112 has recognized the RESET PULSE and is ready to communicate withmicrocontroller 108. RAM/RTC 112 then negates the BDAT signal until timeT3, thereby indicating the end of the PRESENCE PULSE. The PRESENCE PULSEhas to be at least 60 μs in length, but the PRESENCE PULSE cannot belonger than 240 μs.

Now referring to FIG. 7B, FIG. 7B illustrates either a BDAT signal write"1" or a read "1" operation by microcontroller 108. In a read "1"operation by microcontroller 108, microcontroller 108 negates the BDATsignal at time T0 and holds the BDAT signal low until time T1. Thisindicates microcontroller 108 is ready to read a bit from the BDATsignal. The interval from time T0 to T1 must be greater than 1 μs.RAM/RTC 112 then asserts the BDAT signal so that at time T2 the BDATsignal is high. Microcontroller 108 then samples the BDAT signal at timeT3, thereby reading a "1." For microcontroller 108 to read a "1,"microcontroller 108 must sample the BDAT signal not later then 15 μsfrom time T0. Thus, for a read "1" operation, the interval from time T0to time T3 must be less than 15 μs.

FIG. 7B similarly illustrates a write "1" by microcontroller 108. Inorder to let RAM/RTC 112 know of the pending write operation,microcontroller 108 must negate the BDAT signal at time T0.Microcontroller 108 then negates the BDAT signal until time T1 whichmust be greater than 1 μs. Microcontroller 108 must then assert the BDATsignal high within 15 microseconds after time T0 because RAM/RTC 112reads the write operation within 15 μs to 60 μs after time T0.

FIG. 7C illustrates either a write "0" or a read "0" operation bymicrocontroller 108. In a write "0" operation, microcontroller 108negates the BDAT signal at time T0. Microcontroller 108 must keep theBDAT signal negated until time T1. Microcontroller 108 should negate theBDAT signal for a minimum of 60 microseconds in order to indicate a "0."Thus, time T0 to time T2 should be at least 60 μs. Therefore, when theBDAT signal is sampled by RAM/RTC 112 at time T1, which is greater than60 μs from time T0, a "0" will be detected by RAM/RTC 112.

In order for microcontroller 108 to read a "0," microcontroller 108 mustonce again negate the BDAT signal at time T0, thereby indicatingmicrocontroller 108 is ready to read the BDAT signal. Microcontroller108 must sample the line within 15 μs after negating the BDAT signal.The microcontroller 108 must sample the BDAT signal at time T1 whichwould not be greater then 15 μs from time T0.

When microcontroller 108 first communicates with RAM/RTC 112 afterbattery pack B has been installed in host computer system C,microcontroller 108 undergoes the initialization procedure describedabove with RAM/RTC 112. Thus, microcontroller 108 transmits a RESETPULSE, and RAM/RTC 112 responds with the PRESENCE PULSE. After thisinitialization sequence, microcontroller 108 then transmits a RD₋₋ ROMcommand, which is preferably a binary sequence of "1"s and "0"sequalling 33h. This lets RAM/RTC 112 know that microcontroller 108 isready to read the 8 bytes of data in the ROM of RTC/RAM 112. The firstbyte of ROM that will be transmitted by RAM/RTC 112 is a family code,FAM₋₋ CDE, for battery pack B.

Thus, the BDAT signal signature recognition procedure utilized by thepreferred embodiment looks for the initialization procedure protocol andthe transmitted command and data discussed above. In summary, first,battery microcontroller 300 monitors the BDAT signal for theinitialization procedure; second, battery microcontroller 300 monitorsthe BDAT signal for the RD₋₋ ROM command; and finally, batterymicrocontroller 300 monitors the BDAT signal for the transmitted familycode, FAM₋₋ CDE. If microcontroller 300 detects this communicationsequence, then microcontroller 106 knows that battery pack B has beeninserted into host computer system C.

Now referring to the algorithm of microcontroller 300 which monitors thecommunications of the BDAT signal, FIG. 8A is a flowchart illustrating aMAIN routine which calls a battery 100 monitoring routine, POLL, whenbattery pack B is in host computer system C. Referring now to FIG. 8A,operations begin at step 500 wherein the MAIN routine begins. Controltransfers to step 502, where a TURNOFF₋₋ FLG is reset. The TURNOFF₋₋ FLGflag is set when battery pack B should be permanently turned off,thereby indicating a deeply discharged battery cell. A BDAT₋₋ FLG flagis also reset. When the BDAT₋₋ FLG flag is set, this indicates thatbattery pack B is in host computer system C. The DGATE signal and theCGATE signal are both reset, turning off transistor 200 and transistor280 before microcontroller 300 determines whether battery pack B hasbeen inserted into host computer system C. The interrupt for aninterrupt service routine, SYS₋₋ CHK, is also enabled.

An interrupt is generated whenever a negative slope appears at the RB0₋₋INT input of microcontroller 300; therefore when the BDAT signal pulseshigh, triggering a negative slope on the RB0₋₋ INT input, control willpass to the interrupt service routine, SYS₋₋ CHK. In step 502, a CHK₋₋FLG flag is also reset. This flag is used to determine when battery packB has been removed from host computer system C. Further, in step 502, aVMIN₋₋ FLG flag is reset. The VMIN₋₋ FLG flag is set whenever battery100 has become discharged.

Control then transfers to step 504 where the BDAT signal is tested.Control then passes to step 506 where the BDAT₋₋ FLG flag is checked. Ifset, it indicates battery pack B is in host computer system C. If theBDAT₋₋ FLG flag is not set, control transfers back to step 504. If theBDAT₋₋ FLG flag is set, control transfers to step 508, where theTURNOFF₋₋ FLG is tested. If set, this indicates a deeply dischargedbattery, so, control transfers to step 504 as microcontroller 300 iswaiting for battery pack B to be removed from host computer system C sothat microcontroller 300 will be permanently powered down. If theTURNOFF₋₋ FLG flag has not been set, control transfers to step 510 wherethe check for the removal of battery pack B from host computer system Cbegins.

In step 510, microcontroller 300 determines whether the BDAT signal islow. Because the BDAT signal is normally high, the BDAT signal, in thepreferred embodiment, will not stay low greater than 960 μs. If the BDATsignal is low, control transfers to step 512 where the CHK₋₋ FLG isincremented. Whenever the BDAT line is pulsed high again and produces anegative slope at the RB0₋₋ INT input, the SYS₋₋ CHK interrupt serviceroutine will reset the CHK₋₋ FLG (see FIG. 8B); therefore, CHK₋₋ FLG isused to track how long the BDAT signal remains low.

Control then passes to step 514 where microcontroller 300 determineswhether the BDAT signal has been negated for longer than 960 μs. If so,battery pack B has been removed from host computer system C, and controlthen passes to step 516, where a TIMEOUT₋₋ BDAT routine is called(discussed with FIG. 8C). Control then passes to step 517 wherein theinterrupt for the SYS₋₋ CHK interrupt routine is enabled; the CGATEsignal is reset; the DGATE signal is reset; the BDAT₋₋ FLG flag isreset; and the CHK₋₋ FLG flag is reset. Control then passes back to step504. If the battery pack has not been removed from host computer systemC or the BDAT signal is high, control transfers to step 518 wherein theCHK₋₋ FLG flag is reset and a POLL routine is called. Control thentransfers back to step 504.

Now referring to the SYS₋₋ CHK interrupt service routine in FIG. 8B,control passes to step 610 whenever the BDAT signal is asserted. Controlpasses to step 611 where the CHK₋₋ FLG is reset. Control then passes tostep 612 where microcontroller 300 tests the BDAT₋₋ FLG flag. If set,this indicates battery pack B is in host computer system C, so controlpasses to step 618. If the BDAT₋₋ FLG flag has not been set, controlpasses to step 614 where a B₋₋ ID routine is called which checks for theknown communication signature on the BDAT signal. Control then passesfrom step 614 to step 618. In step 618 the interrupt for the SYS₋₋ CHKroutine is once again enabled, and control then passes to step 620 wherethe interrupt service routine terminates.

FIG. 8C shows the TIMEOUT₋₋ BDAT routine which is called by the MAINroutine if the BDAT signal has been negated longer than 960 μs. Controlbegins at step 624 and then passes to step 626, where the batterymicrocontroller 300 checks if either the TURNOFF₋₋ FLG flag or theVMIN₋₋ FLG has been set. If either flag has been set, then trickledischarge transistor 274 is not turned on. If not, control passes tostep 628 wherein the T50 signal is asserted to turn on trickle dischargetransistor 274 which allows a trickle current to flow from battery packB and to assert the ENABLE signal. Further, the PWR2 signal is negated,thereby deactivating unneeded circuitry. Both the DGATE and CGATEsignals are negated, thereby turning off main discharge transistor 280and charge transistor 200, respectively. Furthermore, the BDAT₋₋ FLG isreset, once again indicating battery pack B is not in host computersystem C. Control then passes to step 630 which returns to the MAINroutine. If the TURNOFF₋₋ FLG is set, control transfers from step 626 tostep 630.

FIG. 9 shows the B₋₋ ID routine which is called by the SYS₋₋ CHK routineto identify host computer system C. Control begins at step 650 and thenpasses to step 652 in which battery microcontroller 300 resets a UNK₋₋SYS flag which is set when an unknown system is detected. Furthermore,in step 652 the INT₋₋ CHK routine is called which checks for theinitialization procedure on the BDAT signal. If the initializationprocedure is not detected between microcontroller 108 and RAM/RTC 112,the UNK₋₋ SYS flag is set. Control passes to step 654 wherein the statusof the UNK₋₋ SYS flag is checked. If UNK₋₋ FLG has been set, indicatingan unknown system, control passes to step 656 which returns to the SYS₋₋CHK interrupt service routine. If the initialization procedure has beendetected, control passes to step 658 which calls a READ₋₋ BYT routine,discussed in conjunction with FIG. 12, to read a byte, RBYTE, from theBDAT signal. Control then passes to step 660 which once again checks theUNK₋₋ SYS flag.

If an unknown system has been detected, control then passes to step 662which returns to the SYS₋₋ CHK routine; however, if an unknown systemhas not been detected, then control passes to step 664 where the batterymicrocontroller 300 determines if the byte that was read by READ₋₋ BYT,RBYTE, was the RD₋₋ ROM command. If not, control returns to step 662which returns to the SYS₋₋ CHK routine. If the RD₋₋ ROM command wasdetected, control passes to step 666 wherein READ₋₋ BYT is called again.Control then passes to step 668 which checks if battery pack B is in anunknown system. If so, control passes to step 674 which returns to theSYS₋₋ CHK routine. If not, control passes to step 670 which checks ifRBYTE is the family code, FAM₋₋ CODE. If not, control passes to step 674which returns to the SYS₋₋ CHK routine without setting the BDAT₋₋ FLGflag. If RBYTE is the family code, FAM₋₋ CODE, then battery pack B hasbeen placed in host computer system C. Thus, control passes to step 672where the BDAT₋₋ FLG flag is set, indicating battery pack B is in hostcomputer system C, and then control passes to step 674 which returns tothe SYS₋₋ CHK routine.

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate the flowchart of the initializationprocedure check routine, INIT₋₋ CHK, which checks for the initializationprocedure which must proceed any communication between microcontroller108 and RAM/RTC 112. The initialization procedure check routine, INIT₋₋CHK, begins execution at step 700. Control then transfers to step 702where the BDAT signal is tested. Control then transfers to step 704where if the BDAT signal is high, its normal state, control thentransfers back to step 702. If BDAT is low, control instead transfers tostep 706 where a programmable timer of microcontroller 300 isinitialized to trigger an interrupt whenever the timer overflows. Aninterrupt service routine, TIMEOUT₋₋ ID discussed in conjunction withFIG. 10, services the interrupt. When the BDAT signal is first negated,the time when BDAT is negated to when BDAT is asserted should beconsistent with the RESET PULSE.

Thus, the programmable timer is initialized to generate an interruptafter the maximum allowable time for the RESET PULSE. Referring to FIG.10, the TIMEOUT₋₋ ID interrupt service routine sets the UNK₋₋ SYS flagwhen this occurs. Referring back to FIG. 11A, control transfers to step708 where BDAT is once again tested. Control then transfers to step 710where if UNK₋₋ SYS has been set, control then transfers to step 712which returns to the B₋₋ ID routine. If not, control then transfers tostep 714 where microcontroller 300 determines if the BDAT signal ishigh. If not, then control transfers back to step 708. If BDAT is high,indicating the potential detection of the RESET PULSE, control thentransfers to step 716 where the value of the programmable timer is read,and the timer interrupt is disabled. Control then transfers to step 718where the timer is evaluated to see if the power supply microcontroller108 has transmitted a RESET PULSE. If so, control then transfers to step722. If a RESET PULSE was not detected, then control transfers to step720 where the UNK₋₋ SYS flag is set indicating an unknown system, andcontrol transfers to step 712, which returns to the B₋₋ ID routine.

If control was transferred to step 722, then the RESET PULSE wasdetected. In step 722 (FIG. 11B) the BDAT signal is once again tested.Control then transfers to step 724 where if the BDAT signal is high,control then transfers back to step 722 to once again test the BDATsignal. If BDAT is high, then control transfers to step 726 wherebattery microcontroller 300 initializes the timer to generate aninterrupt when the timer overflows. The timer will overflow when themaximum allowable time for a PRESENCE PULSE has passed. The TIMEOUT₋₋ IDroutine services the interrupt generated by the timer. Control thenpasses to step 728 where battery microcontroller 300 tests the BDATsignal. Control then transfers to step 730 where battery microcontroller300 determines if an unknown system has been detected by testing UNK₋₋SYS. If so, control then transfers to step 732 which returns to the B₋₋ID routine.

If an unknown system has not been detected, then control passes fromstop 730 to step 734, which determines if BDAT is high, and if not, thencontrol passes back to step 728 wherein BDAT is once again tested. IfBDAT is high at step 734, then control passes to step 736 wheremicrocontroller 300 reads the value of the timer. Control then passes tostep 738 where if a PRESENCE PULSE was detected then control transfersback to step 732 where control returns to the B₋₋ ID routine. If aPRESENCE PULSE was not detected, then control passes to step 740 wherethe UNK₋₋ SYS flag is set, and control then proceeds to step 732.

FIG. 10 shows the TIMEOUT₋₋ ID routine which is used to set the UNK₋₋SYS flag by functioning as an interrupt service routine which servicesthe timer overflow interrupt. Referring now to FIG. 10, step 800 iscalled to service the interrupt generated by the timer. Control thentransfers to step 802 where the UNK₋₋ SYS flag is set. Control thentransfers to step 804 which terminates the interrupt service routine.

Referring now to FIG. 12, shown is the READ₋₋ BYT routine which reads abyte of data, RBYTE, from the BDAT signal. This routine begins at step850 where the READ₋₋ BYT routine has been called by the B₋₋ ID routine.Control then transfers to step 852 where the programmable timer isinitialized so that an interrupt will be generated if a low BDAT signalis not detected in a time. The TIMEOUT₋₋ ID interrupt service routineservices the timer overflow interrupt. The negation of the BDAT signalindicates power supply microcontroller 108 is ready to read or write abit of data. The first time is set to 40 seconds since power supplymicrocontroller 108 should respond within 27 seconds. Control thentransfers to step 854, which tests the BDAT signal. Control thentransfers to step 856, which evaluates whether BDAT is high, and if so,control transfers to step 858 where microcontroller 300 determines ifUNK₋₋ SYS has been set, which would be caused by the interrupt serviceroutine TIMEOUT₋₋ ID routine being called. If battery pack B is in anunknown system, then control is transferred to step 860 which returns tothe B₋₋ ID routine. If battery pack B is in host computer system C, thencontrol transfers back to step 852. If BDAT is low at step 856, thencontrol transfers to step 862, where a delay is generated, the length ofwhich depends on whether a write or a read operation by microcontroller108 is to be detected.

As discussed earlier in the discussion of FIGS. 7B and 7C, for thedetection of a read "1" or "0" by microcontroller 108, microcontroller300 must sample the BDAT signal within 15 μs after the BDAT signal isfirst negated. For the detection of a write "1" or "0", the BDAT signalmust be sampled 15 μs to 60 μs after the BDAT signal is first negated.Thus, in step 862 a the BDAT signal is sampled at the appropriate timeto form RBYTE. Control then transfers to step 864 where themicrocontroller 300 evaluates whether 8 bits have been read. If so, thencontrol transfers to step 866 where control returns to B₋₋ ID which thenevaluates RBYTE. If 8 bits have not been read, then control transfersback to step 852 to read more bits.

Now referring to FIG. 13, shown is the POLL routine which examines thestate of battery 100 and turns on and off charge transistor 200, trickledischarge transistor 274 and main discharge transistor 280 accordingly.The POLL routine begins at step 900. Control transfers to step 902 wherean A/D converter of battery microcontroller 300 reads the VREF, theCGATE, the DGATE, the THERM and the TSENSE signals and stores theirdigital values in a VREF₋₋ SAM, a CGATE₋₋ FLG, a DGATE₋₋ FLG, a THERM₋₋FLG and a TSENSE₋₋ SAM register respectively. In the preferredembodiment, the condition of battery 100 is measured by monitoringcircuit 400 for approximately 1 μs every second. Control transfers tostep 904 where microcontroller 300 determines if THERM₋₋ FLG is reset.If so, then either an overvoltage condition exists at a battery cell ofbattery 100 or an overcharge current condition exists at battery 100.The monitoring circuit 400 asserts or negates the CGATE signal asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 4. If THERM₋₋ FLG is set, controltransfers to step 910 where the UNLATCH signal is pulsed high. Thisensures that if charge controller 426 has negated the LATCHOUT signalduring a momentary overvoltage condition at battery 100, transistor 236will once again be turned on if an overvoltage condition does notpresently exist.

Control then transfers to step 912 where battery microcontroller 300checks whether the DGATE₋₋ FLG flag is low. If so, then either battery100 is deeply discharged or an overdischarge current exists in battery100. If DGATE₋₋ FLG is low, then control transfers to step 914 where themicrocontroller 300 determines whether the VREF₋₋ SAM flag is less thanV_(DEEP), where V_(DEEP) is the value of VREF when a battery cell ofbattery 100 is deeply discharged. If VREG₋₋ SAM is greater thanV_(DEEP), then no cell of battery 100 is deeply discharged, and controltransfers to step 920. If a deeply discharged battery cell does exist,control instead transfers to step 916 where the CGATE₋₋ FLG flag isreset and the TURNOFF₋₋ FLG flag is set, thereby permanently blockingthe VBAT- and VBAT+ terminals of battery pack B. Control then transfersto step 920. In step 920, battery microcontroller 300 determines whetherVREF₋₋ SAM is less than a discharged voltage threshold, V_(MIN),indicating a discharged battery. If so, control transfers to step 922where the DGATE₋₋ FLG flag is reset and the VMIN₋₋ FLG flag is set.Control then transfers to step 924. If the VREF₋₋ FLG flag is greaterthan V_(MIN), then control passes from step 920 to step 921 where theVMIN₋₋ FLG flag is reset. Control then transfers to step 924.

In step 924, the microcontroller 300 determines if TSENSE₋₋ SAM isgreater than a maximum temperature threshold, T_(MAX), therebyindicating an over temperature condition at battery 100. If so, controltransfers to step 926 wherein the CGATE₋₋ FLG flag is reset; the T70signal is asserted, thereby indicating an overtemperature condition topower supply microcontroller 108; and the CHARGE signal is negated. IfTSENSE₋₋ FLG is less than T_(MAX) then control transfers from step 924to step 928 where microcontroller 300 evaluates whether CGATE₋₋ FLG isreset. If so, control transfers to step 930 where the microcontroller300 determines if the CHARGE signal is low, and if not, then controltransfers to step 932 where the CHARGE signal is negated and a TEMProutine is called which pulses the T50 signal to communicate to powersupply microcontroller 108 that charging has been terminated. Powersupply microcontroller 108 can then update the RAM/RTC 112 and terminatecharging in an orderly fashion. Control then transfers from step 932 tostep 938.

If the CHARGE signal is low in step 930, then control transfers to step938. In step 928 if the CGATE₋₋ FLG is set, then control transfers tostep 934 wherein the CHARGE signal is evaluated. If the CHARGE signal ishigh then control transfers to step 938. If the CHARGE signal is lowthen control transfers from step 934 to step 936 where batterymicrocontroller 300 asserts the CHARGE signal; disables the timerinterrupt which is used to provide the pulse width modulated T50 signal(discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 14A and 14B); and negates the T50signal. This ensures that battery 100 can once again be charged. Controlthen transfers from step 936 to step 938.

In step 938, if DGATE₋₋ FLG is set then control transfers to step 940where the DISCH signal is asserted, and then control transfers to step944. If DGATE₋₋ FLG is reset, then control transfers from step 938 tostep 942 where the DISCH signal is negated, and control then transfersto step 944. In step 944 control returns to the MAIN routine.

Shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B are the TEMP routine and a PWM routine,respectively. These routines are used to pulse the T50 signal, therebyindicating a rise in temperature, which allows power supplymicrocontroller 108 to terminate charge in an orderly fashion, therebyupdating the charge information to RAM/RTC 112. Referring now to FIG.14A, the TEMP routine is entered at step 950. Control then transfers tostep 952 where the programmable timer is initialized with the on time ofthe pulse width modulated T50 signal, and the timer overflow interruptis enabled. Control then transfers from step 952 to step 954 where theT50 signal is asserted. Control then transfers to step 956 where controlreturns to the POLL routine.

Referring now to FIG. 14B, the PWM routine is an interrupt serviceroutine used to service the interrupt generated by a timer overflow.Initially, the programmable timer is initialized by the TEMP routine,and the PWM routine is subsequently called by timer overflows as aresult of timer indications as provided in the PWM routine. The PWMroutine is entered at step 960. Control transfers to step 962 where theT50 signal is tested. Control then transfers to step 964 where the T50signal is high, control then transfers to step 966 where theprogrammable timer is initialized with the off-time; the timer isoverflow interrupt enabled; and the T50 signal is negated. Control thenpasses from step 966 to step 968 were the PWM routine terminates. Instep 964 if the T50 signal is low, then control transfers to step 970where the programmable timer is initialized with the on time; theoverflow interrupt is enabled; and the T50 signal is asserted. Controlthen transfers from step 970 to step 968 where control returns from theinterrupt.

The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention areillustrated and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the size,shape, materials, components, circuit elements, wiring connections andcontacts as well as in the details of the illustrated circuitry andconstruction may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

We claim:
 1. A removable battery pack for use in a system, the batterypack having first and second terminals which it disables when the systemis an unknown system, the system providing a data signal withpredetermined battery data when the system is a known system, thebattery pack comprising:a battery with a voltage and with first andsecond battery terminals; a first switch for enabling and disabling thefirst battery pack terminal of the battery pack, said first switchhaving a first series switched path and a control terminal foractivating the first series switched path, the first series switchedpath coupled between the first battery terminal and the first batterypack terminal; and a controller for receiving the data signal and forproviding a first control signal to said first switch, the first controlsignal provided to turn on the first series switched path when the datasignal from the system includes predetermined battery data and turn offthe first series switched path when the data signal from the system iseither nonexistent or does not include predetermined battery data. 2.The battery pack of claim 1, further comprising:a current limiter forregulating a trickle discharge current provided by the battery pack,said current limiter coupled in parallel with said first series switchedpath; and a second switch for controlling the trickle discharge currentprovided by the battery pack, said second switch having a second seriesswitched path and a control terminal for activating the second seriesswitched path, the second series switched path coupled in series withsaid current limiter and in parallel with said first series switchedpath, wherein said controller further provides a second control signalto said second switch, the second control signal provided to turn on thesecond series switched path when the data signal from the system isnonexistent or does not include predetermined battery data and to turnoff the second series switched path when the data signal from the systemincludes predetermined battery data.
 3. The removable battery pack ofclaim 2, further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to said batteryfor determining the voltage of said battery and for providing a batterypack disable signal to said controller, the battery pack disable signalprovided to indicate when the voltage of said battery is below a deeplydischarged threshold, and wherein said controller permanently turns offthe second series switched path when said controller receives thebattery pack disable signal.
 4. The removable battery pack of claim 3,wherein the deeply discharged threshold is 2.0 volts.
 5. The removablebattery pack of claim 2, wherein said second switch is ametal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor.
 6. The removablebattery pack of claim 2, wherein said current limiter is a resistor. 7.The removable battery pack of claim 1, further comprising:a monitoringcircuit coupled to said battery for determining the Voltage of saidbattery and for providing a discharge disable signal to said controller,the discharge disable signal provided to indicate when the voltage ofsaid battery is below a discharged threshold, and wherein saidcontroller turns off the first series switched path when said controllerreceives the discharge disable signal.
 8. The removable battery pack ofclaim 7, wherein the discharged threshold is 2.7 volts.
 9. The removablebattery pack of claim 1, further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupledto said battery for determining the voltage of said battery and forproviding a charge disable signal to said controller, the charge disablesignal provided to indicate when the voltage of said battery is above anovervoltage threshold, and wherein said controller turns off the firstseries switched path when said controller receives the charge disablesignal.
 10. The removable battery pack of claim 9, wherein theovervoltage threshold is 18 volts.
 11. The removable battery pack ofclaim 1, further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to said batteryfor determining the voltage of said battery and for providing a batterypack disable signal to said controller, the battery pack disable signalprovided to indicate when the voltage of said battery is below a deeplydischarged threshold, and wherein said controller permanently turns offthe first series switched path when said controller receives the batterypack disable signal.
 12. The removable battery pack of claim 11, whereinthe deeply discharged threshold is 2.0 volts.
 13. The removable batterypack of claim 1, wherein said first switch is ametal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor.
 14. A removablebattery pack for use in a system, the battery pack having first andsecond terminals which it disables when the system is an unknown system,the system providing a data signal with predetermined battery data whenthe system is a known system, the battery pack comprising:a battery witha voltage and with first and second battery terminals; a first switchfor enabling and disabling the first battery pack terminal of thebattery pack, said first switch having a first series switched path anda control terminal for activating the first series switched path, thefirst series switched path coupled between the first battery terminaland the first battery pack terminal; a second switch for enabling anddisabling the second battery pack terminal, said second switch having asecond series switched path and a control terminal for activating thesecond series switched path, the second series switched path coupledbetween the second battery terminal and the second battery packterminal; and a controller for receiving the data signal from the systemand for providing a first control signal to said first switch and asecond control signal to said second switch, the first control signalprovided to turn on the first series switched path when the data signalfrom the system includes predetermined battery data and turn off thefirst series switched path when the data signal from the system iseither nonexistent or does not include predetermined battery data, thesecond control signal provided to turn on the second series switchedpath when the data signal from the system includes predetermined batterydata and turn off the second series switched path when the data signalfrom the system is either nonexistent or does not include predeterminedbattery data.
 15. The battery pack of claim 14, further comprising:acurrent limiter for regulating a trickle discharge current provided bythe battery pack, said current limiter coupled in parallel with saidfirst series switched path; and a third switch for controlling thetrickle discharge current provided by the battery pack, said thirdswitch having a third series switched path and a control terminal foractivating the third series switched path, the third series switchedpath coupled in series with said current limiter, wherein saidcontroller further provides a third control signal to said third switch,the third control signal provided to turn on the third series switchedpath when the data signal from the system is either nonexistent or doesnot include predetermined battery data and turn off the third seriesswitched path when the data signal from the system includespredetermined battery data.
 16. The removable battery pack of claim 15,further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to said battery fordetermining the voltage of said battery and for providing a battery packdisable signal to said controller, the battery pack disable signalprovided to indicate when the voltage of said battery is below a deeplydischarged threshold, and wherein said controller permanently turns offthe third series switched path when said controller receives the batterypack disable signal.
 17. The removable battery pack of claim 16, whereinsaid current limiter is a resistor.
 18. The removable battery pack ofclaim 15, wherein said third switch is a metal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effect transistor.
 19. The removable battery pack of claim 14,further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to said battery fordetermining the voltage of said battery and for providing a dischargedisable signal to said controller, the discharge disable signal providedto indicate when the voltage of said battery is below a dischargedthreshold, and wherein said controller turns off the second seriesswitched path when said controller receives the discharge disablesignal.
 20. The removable battery pack of claim 19, wherein thedischarged threshold is 2.7 volts.
 21. The removable battery pack ofclaim 14, further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to saidbattery for determining the voltage of said battery and for providing acharge disable signal to said controller, the charge disable signalprovided to indicate when the voltage of said battery is above anovervoltage threshold, and wherein said controller turns off the firstseries switched path when said controller receives the charge disablesignal.
 22. The removable battery pack of claim 21, wherein theovervoltage threshold is 18 volts.
 23. The removable battery pack ofclaim 14, further comprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to saidbattery for determining the voltage of said battery and for providing abattery pack disable signal to said controller, the battery pack disablesignal provided to indicate when the voltage of said battery is below adeeply discharged threshold, and wherein said controller permanentlyturns off the first series switched path when said controller receivesthe battery pack disable signal.
 24. The removable battery pack of claim23, wherein the deeply discharged threshold is 2.0 volts.
 25. Theremovable battery pack of claim 14, further comprising:a monitoringcircuit coupled to said battery for determining the voltage of saidbattery and for providing a battery pack disable signal to saidcontroller, the battery pack disable signal provided to indicate whenthe voltage of said battery is below a deeply discharged threshold, andwherein said controller permanently turns off the second series switchedpath when said controller receives the battery pack disable signal. 26.The removable battery pack of claim 25, wherein the deeply dischargedthreshold is 2.0 volts.
 27. The removable battery pack of claim 14,wherein said second switch is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effecttransistor.
 28. The removable battery pack of claim 14, furtherincluding:a first diode for providing a discharge current path, saidfirst diode having an anode coupled to the positive battery terminal anda cathode coupled to the first battery pack terminal.
 29. The removablebattery pack of claim 14, further including:a second diode for providinga charge current path, said first diode having an anode coupled to thenegative battery terminal and a cathode coupled to the second batterypack terminal.
 30. The removable battery pack of claim 14, furthercomprising:a monitoring circuit coupled to said battery for determiningthe current in said battery and for providing a discharge disable signalto said controller, the discharge disable signal provided to indicatewhen the current in said battery exceeds an overdischarge currentthreshold, and wherein said controller turns off the second seriesswitched path when said controller receives the discharge disablesignal.
 31. The removable battery pack of claim 14, wherein said firstswitch is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor.
 32. Theremovable battery pack of claim 14, further comprising:a monitoringcircuit coupled to said battery for determining the current in saidbattery and for providing a charge disable signal to said controller,the charge disable signal provided to indicate when the current in saidbattery exceeds an overcharge current threshold, and wherein saidcontroller turns off the first series switched path when said controllerreceives the charge disable signal.
 33. The battery pack of claim32,wherein said monitoring circuit further provides a discharge disablesignal to said controller to indicate when the current in said batteryexceeds an overdischarge current threshold, and wherein said controllerturns off the second series switched path when said controller receivesthe discharge disable signal from said monitoring circuit.
 34. Thebattery pack of claim 33,wherein said monitoring circuit furtherdetermines the voltage of said battery and provides a battery packdisable signal to said controller to indicate when the voltage of saidbattery is below a deeply discharged threshold, and wherein saidcontroller permanently turns off the first series switched path, thesecond series switched path and the third series switched path when saidcontroller receives the battery pack disable signal from said monitoringcircuit.
 35. The battery pack of claim 34,wherein said monitoringcircuit further provides the charge disable signal to indicate when thevoltage of said battery is above an overvoltage threshold.
 36. Thebattery pack of claim 35,wherein said monitoring circuit furtherprovides the discharge disable signal to indicate when the voltage ofsaid battery is below a discharged threshold.
 37. The battery pack ofclaim 36, wherein the overvoltage threshold voltage is 18 volts, thedischarged threshold is 2.7 volts, and the deeply discharged thresholdis 2.0 volts.